Research advances in the correlation between chronic subjective tinnitus and anxiety state / 临床耳鼻咽喉头颈外科杂志

Tinnitus and anxiety disorder are common clinical symptoms. Comorbidity between tinnitus and anxiety state is increasing year by year. The relationship between tinnitus and anxiety state has always been a hot topic, and this paper reviews the literature on the relationship between chronic subjective tinnitus and anxiety state in recent years.

Trastorno por Déficit de Atención e Hiperactividad (TDHA) y trastornos del estado del ánimo en estudiantes de medicina humana peruanos: una prueba piloto a nivel nacional / Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and mood disorders in Peruvian human medicine students: a nationwide pilot test

Introducción: el Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con Hiperactividad, también conocido por sus siglas TDAH, es considerado como un trastorno del neurodesarrollo. Diversos estudios reportan que la persistencia de los síntomas durante la adultez se da en el 50-70% de niños con TDAH. Respecto del área académica, la literatura menciona que esta patología en la población universitaria oscila entre un 10 a 25% de estudiantes, en particular los de Medicina Humana. Materiales y métodos: estudio piloto con diseño Cross-sectional, para explorar las variables mencionadas en los estudiantes de todo el territorio peruano se agruparon los departamentos en cinco macro regiones, se utilizaron los cuestionarios ASRS V1.1 y DASS-21. Resultados: se contó muestra total de 250 participantes para la prueba piloto (50 por cada macro región), respecto del TDAH, 33,6% presentó resultados sugestivos. La prevalencia de trastornos del estado anímico fue del 81,6%, dentro de ellos la ansiedad fue más prevalente (70,4%), seguido por la depresión (62,8%) y el estrés (57,6%). Se encontró asociación entre el TDAH y los siguientes: trastorno anímico (PR=1,3 IC(95%) ), depresión (PR=1,51 IC(95%) ), ansiedad (PR=1,47 IC(95%) ) y estrés (PR=1,87 IC(95%) ). Conclusiones: el presente estudio piloto nos ha permitido probar satisfactoriamente el desempeño del instrumento y la técnica propuesta por el diseño metodológico en el estudio primario, confirmado con la obtención de cifras estimadas coherentes con lo descrito por la literatura, y confirmando la asociación entre las variables de interés.

Introduction: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, also known by its acronym ADHD, is considered a neurodevelopmental disorder. Several studies report that the persistence of symptoms during adulthood occurs in 50-70% of children with ADHD. Regarding the academic area, the literature mentions that this pathology in the university population ranges from 10 to 25% of students, in particular those of human medicine. Materials and methods: pilot study with Cross-sectional design, to explore the variables mentioned in students from all over the Peruvian territory, the departments were grouped into 5 macro regions, the ASRS V1.1 and DASS-21 questionnaires were used. Results: a total sample of 250 participants was counted for the pilot test (50 for each macro region), regarding ADHD, 33.6% presented suggestive results. The prevalence of mood disorders was 81.6%, among them, anxiety was more prevalent (70.4%), followed by depression (62.8%) and stress (57.6%). An association was found between ADHD and the following: Mood disorder (PR=1.3 CI (95%) ). Depression (PR=1.51 CI (95%) ). Anxiety (PR=1.47 CI (95%) ). and Stress (PR=1.87 CI (95%) ). Conclusions: the present pilot study has allowed us to satisfactorily test the performance of the instrument and the technique proposed by the methodological design in the primary study, confirmed by obtaining estimated figures consistent with what is described in the literature, and confirming the association between the variables of interest.

Sintomas de ansiedade e depressão no ambiente acadêmico: um estudo transversal / Síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en el ambiente académico: un estudio transversal / Anxiety and depression symptoms in the academic environment: a cross-sectional study

Resumo Objetivo Identificar a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade e depressão e verificar os fatores sociodemográficos, acadêmicos e de saúde associados à ocorrência desses em estudantes de graduação em Enfermagem. Métodos Estudo transversal, realizado em Fortaleza - CE entre os meses de junho a setembro do ano de 2019, com 199 alunos de uma universidade pública, regularmente matriculados no curso. Foi aplicado um questionário sociodemográfico, o Inventário de Depressão de BECK - II, além do Inventário de Ansiedade de BECK. A análise da associação entre as variáveis preditoras e os desfechos foi realizada por meio do teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson, considerando significância estatística os valores de p menores que 0,05. Os aspectos éticos foram respeitados. Resultados A prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade grave e depressão mínima foi de 119 (62%) e 59 (29,6%), respectivamente. Foi observado associação estatística significativa entre sintomas de ansiedade grave e as variáveis: idade até 21 anos, ausência de religião, não heterossexuais, preocupação com o futuro, não ter tempo para lazer e uso de psicotrópicos. Com relação aos sintomas de depressão, percebeu-se associação com as variáveis idade até 21 anos, ausência de tempo para lazer, insatisfação com o tempo de lazer, inatividade física, insônia e uso de psicotrópicos. Conclusão Conclui-se que as condições associadas aos sintomas de ansiedade e depressão estiveram mais relacionadas às variáveis acadêmicas e de saúde. Dessa forma, percebe-se a importância de identificar precocemente e traçar estratégias relacionadas aos sintomas observados.

Resumen Objetivo Identificar la prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad y depresión y verificar los factores sociodemográficos, académicos y de salud asociados a estos episodios en estudiantes de Enfermería. Métodos Estudio transversal, realizado en Fortaleza, estado de Ceará, entre los meses de junio y septiembre del año 2019, con 199 alumnos de una universidad pública, regularmente matriculados en la carrera. Se aplicó un cuestionario sociodemográfico, el Inventario de Depresión de Beck - II, además del Inventario de Ansiedad de BECK. El análisis de relación entre las variables predictoras y de resultado fue realizado por medio de la prueba χ2 de Pearson, en el que se consideró significación estadística los valores de p menores que 0,05. Los aspectos éticos fueron respetados. Resultados La prevalencia de síntomas de ansiedad grave fue de 119 (62 %) y de depresión mínima 59 (29,6 %). Se observó relación estadística significativa entre los síntomas de ansiedad grave y las variables: edad hasta 21 años, ausencia de religión, no heterosexuales, preocupación con el futuro, no tener tiempo de ocio y uso de psicotrópicos. Con relación a los síntomas de depresión, se percibió relación con las variables: edad hasta 21 años, ausencia de tiempo de ocio, insatisfacción con el tiempo de ocio, inactividad física, insomnio y uso de psicotrópicos. Conclusión Se concluye que las condiciones asociadas a los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión estuvieron más relacionadas con las variables académicas y de salud. De esta forma, se percibe la importancia de una identificación temprana y la elaboración de estrategias relacionadas con los síntomas observados.

Abstract Objective To identify the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms and to verify the sociodemographic, academic and health factors associated with their occurrence in undergraduate nursing students. Methods This is a cross-sectional study, carried out in Fortaleza - CE between June and September 2019, with 199 students from a public university, regularly enrolled in the course. A sociodemographic questionnaire was applied, the BECK Depression Inventory - II, in addition to the BECK Anxiety Inventory. The analysis of the association between predictor variables and outcomes was performed using Pearson's chi-square test, considering p-values less than 0.05 as statistically significant. Ethical aspects were respected. Results The prevalence of severe anxiety and minimal depression symptoms was 119 (62%) and 59 (29.6%), respectively. A statistically significant association was observed between severe anxiety symptoms and the variables: age up to 21 years, absence of religion, non-heterosexuals, concern about the future, not having time for leisure and psychotropic drug use. Regarding depression symptoms, an association was observed with the variables age up to 21 years, lack of leisure time, dissatisfaction with leisure time, physical inactivity, insomnia and psychotropic drug use. Conclusion It is concluded that the conditions associated with anxiety and depression symptoms were more related to academic and health variables. In this way, the importance of early identification and devising strategies related to the symptoms observed is perceived.

Fatores sociodemográficos e ocupacionais associados aos sintomas de ansiedade entre Agentes Comunitários de Saúde / Sociodemographic and occupational factors associated with anxiety symptoms in Community Health Agents

Resumo Os Agentes Comunitários de Saúde possuem papel fundamental para o atendimento à população. Devido à complexidade de funções e situações que são expostos podem apresentar problemas emocionais. O objetivo deste artigo foi verificar a prevalência dos sintomas de ansiedade e a associação com os fatores sociodemográficos e ocupacionais entre agentes comunitários de saúde. Estudo transversal, populacional, no qual utilizou-se o Inventário de Ansiedade Traço Estado (IDATE- Traço e IDATE-Estado) e um questionário sobre as condições sociodemográficas e ocupacionais. Realizou-se análises descritivas e de regressão múltipla de Poisson com variância robusta, considerando um nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05) para o modelo final. Foram avaliados 673 agentes comunitários de saúde, a prevalência dos sintomas de ansiedade no IDATE-estado foi de 47,4% e no IDATE-traço, 42,4%. O tempo de trabalho acima de cinco anos esteve associado ao IDATE-estado (p<0,001) e ao IDATE-traço (p=0,018), o sexo feminino ficou associado ao IDATE-traço (p=0,011). Verificou-se alta prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade entre os agentes comunitários da saúde. Há necessidade de estratégias que visem a promoção, proteção, monitoramento da saúde mental desses trabalhadores, reduzindo os transtornos de ansiedade.

Abstract Community Health Agents (CHAs) play a crucial role in assisting the population. Due to the complexity of functions and situations to which they are exposed, they can present with emotional problems. The aim of this article was to verify the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and the association with sociodemographic and occupational factors in community health agents. It is a cross-sectional and populational study that used a questionnaire to collect data on the sociodemographic, economic and occupational conditions and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Descriptive analyses and multiple Poisson regression were performed with robust variation, considering a 5% significance level (p <0.05) for the final model. A total of 673 community health agents were evaluated. The prevalence of anxiety symptoms in the STAI-State was 47.4% and in the STAI-trait, 42.4%. The time working as a CHA longer than five years was associated with the STAI-state (p<0.001) and the STAI-trait (p=0.018), where as the female gender was associated with the STAI-trait (p=0.011). A high prevalence of anxiety symptoms in community health agents was verified. Health promotion strategies aimed at improving and monitoring the mental health of these workers by reducing anxiety disorders is required.

Ansiedad en pandemia: características epidemiológicas de los trastornos de ansiedad atendidos a través de telepsiquiatría en un hospital universitario / Anxiety in pandemic: epidemiological characteristics of anxiety disorders seen through telepsychiatry in a university hospital

RESUMEN Introducción: la pandemia de COVID-19 ha incrementado los casos de ansiedad y causado grandes modificaciones en la forma de prestar atención médica. Objetivo: describir las características epidemiológicas de los trastornos de ansiedad atendidos a través de telepsiquiatría en un Hospital Universitario. Metodología: estudio observacional, descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se realizó un muestreo no aleatorio intencional. Se utilizaron fichas electrónicas de pacientes tratados en el Servicio de Psiquiatría del Hospital de Clínicas, Paraguay, entre febrero y mayo de 2021. Se realizó estadística descriptiva de todas las variables. Se calcularon medidas de tendencia central y dispersión para las variables cuantitativas. Las cualitativas se resumieron en frecuencias y porcentajes. Resultados: el análisis incluyó 804 pacientes. El 71,5 % (575) de los pacientes procedían del ámbito rural. De todos los pacientes con diagnóstico de algún trastorno de ansiedad (20,49 % n = 165), el 69,1 % (114) correspondían a mujeres y el 49,7 % (82) presentaron trastorno de pánico (ansiedad paroxística episódica), 28,5 % (47) fueron diagnosticados con trastorno de ansiedad generalizada, y 21,8 % (36) tuvieron un trastorno de ansiedad no especificado. Conclusión: más del 20 % de los pacientes que consultaron a través de la modalidad de telepsiquiatría presentó algún cuadro del espectro ansioso. La presentación de casos se dio tanto en el ámbito rural como en el urbano y de preferencia en mujeres. El trastorno de pánico emergió como el trastorno de más alta frecuencia en la población accesible, representando casi la mitad de todos los casos de ansiedad diagnosticados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the COVID-19 pandemic has increased anxiety cases and caused big modifications in the way medical care is provided. Objective: to describe the epidemiological characteristics of anxiety disorders treated through telepsychiatry in a University Hospital. Methodology: observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study. A non-random purposive sampling was performed. Electronic records of patients treated in the Psychiatry Department of the "Hospital de Clínicas", Paraguay, between February and May 2021 were used. Descriptive statistics were performed for all variables. Measures of central tendency and dispersion were calculated for quantitative variables. Qualitative variables were summarized in frequencies and percentages. Results: the analysis included 804 patients. Out of the patients, 71,5 % (575) were from rural areas. Out of all patients diagnosed with an anxiety disorder (20,49 % n = 165), 69,1 % (114) were female and 49,7 % (82) had panic disorder (episodic paroxysmal anxiety), 28,5 % (47) were diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, and 21,8 % (36) had an unspecified anxiety disorder. Conclusion: more than 20 % of the patients who consulted through the telepsychiatry modality presented with an anxiety spectrum disorder. Cases were presented in both rural and urban areas and preferably in females. Panic disorder emerged as the most frequent disorder in the accessible population, representing almost half of all diagnosed anxiety cases.

Prevalence and factors associated with anxiety among university students of health sciences in Brazil: findings and implications / Prevalência e fatores associados à ansiedade entre universitários de ciências da saúde no Brasil: achados e implicações

OBJECTIVE: The aim was to evaluate the prevalence and factors associated with anxiety disorders among university students of health sciences at Federal University of Ouro Preto, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study between March to June 2019. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire including sociodemographic, academic, family and behavioral issues. The Beck Anxiety Inventory was used to assess anxiety. Estimates were obtained through the prevalence ratio and Poisson multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Four hundred and ninety-three students participated with a mean age of 23.1 and predominantly women (79.9%). All students had some degree of anxiety, with the frequency of the severe, moderate and mild forms being 28.0%, 29.8% and 27.0%, respectively. The factors associated with anxiety included having suffered psychological and/or physical violence in childhood, having suicidal thoughts, having a deceased parent, living with parents, being dissatisfied with the course and being in the exam period. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of anxiety was high in our study and family problems prior to entering university seem to significantly influence the degree of anxiety, which may compromise the student's academic and social performance.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo foi avaliar a prevalência e os fatores associados aos transtornos de ansiedade em estudantes universitários de ciências da saúde da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, entre março e junho de 2019. Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário autoaplicável, incluindo questões sociodemográficas, acadêmicas, familiares e comportamentais. O Inventário de Ansiedade de Beck foi usado para avaliar a ansiedade. As estimativas foram obtidas por meio da razão de prevalência e análise multivariada de Poisson. RESULTADOS: Participaram 493 alunos com idade média de 23,1 anos e predominância do sexo feminino (79,9%). Todos os alunos apresentaram algum grau de ansiedade, sendo a frequência da forma grave, moderada e leve de 28,0%, 29,8% e 27,0%, respectivamente. Os fatores associados à ansiedade foram: ter sofrido violência psicológica e/ou física na infância, ter pensamentos suicidas, ter pai falecido, morar com os pais, ter insatisfação com o curso e estar em período de provas. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de ansiedade foi elevada em nosso estudo e os problemas familiares anteriores ao ingresso na universidade parecem influenciar significativamente no grau de ansiedade, podendo comprometer o desempenho acadêmico e social do discente.

Prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders in patients with glaucoma: a cross-sectional study / Prevalência de depressão e ansiedade em pacientes com glaucoma

ABSTRACT Purpose: Our goal was to analyze the prevalence of depression and anxiety among patients with glaucoma and to identify risk factors related to these disorders. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out between August 2016 and August 2017 at the Hospital das Clínicas of Universidade Estadual de Campinas and at the Hospital Oftalmológico de Brasília to evaluate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders among patients diagnosed with glaucoma. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmologic examination with standard automated perimetry to confirm the diagnosis of glaucoma. All participants were asked to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale questionnaire. Results: One hundred and twenty-nine patients were included in the study. Seventy-four were men (57.36%) and 55 (42.64%) were women. The mean age of the patients was 70.14 ± 15.8 years. Ninety participants were white (69.77%) and 38 (29.46%) were black. The study demonstrated a prevalence of depression and/or anxiety at 10.08%. Logistic regression revealed that women were at higher risk for anxiety and/or depression (OR: 5.25, p=0.015) and patients with a larger number of comorbidities also were at higher risk for anxiety and/or depressive disorders (OR: 2.82, p=0.038). Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with glaucoma present with depression and/or anxiety. Females and patients with comorbidities are at greater risk for these disorders.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de transtornos de depressão e ansiedade em pacientes com glaucoma e identificar fatores de riscos associados. Métodos: Estudo transversal em pacientes com glaucoma, avaliados durante Agosto de 2016 e Agosto de 2017 no Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade de Campinas e no Hospital Oftalmológico de Brasília. Todos pacientes foram submetidos à exame oftalmológico completo para confirmar o diagnóstico de glaucoma. Todos pacientes preencheram o questionário "Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale". Resultados: Foram incluídos 129 pacientes no estudo, sendo 74 homens (57.36%) e 55 (42.64%) mulheres, 90 pacientes eram brancos (69.77%) e 38 (29.46%) eram negros. A idade média foi de 70.14 ± 15.8 anos. O estudo demonstrou uma prevalência de 10.08% de transtornos depressivo e/ou ansiedade. A regressão logística demonstrou que mulheres apresentam maior risco de desenvolver transtornos depressivos e/ou ansiedade (Risco relativo: 5.25, p=0.015), assim como pacientes com maior número de comorbidades clínicas (Risco relativo: 2.82, p=0.038). Conclusão: Uma proporção significativa dos pacientes com glaucoma podem apresentar transtornos de depressão e/ou ansiedade. Pacientes com glaucoma do sexo feminino e que apresentem maiores comorbidades clínicas apresentam maior risco de apresentar esses transtornos.

Generalized anxiety disorder and prevalence of suicide risk among medical students / Prevalência do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada e do risco de suicídio em estudantes de medicina

Abstract: Introduction: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common pathology in modern life. Furthermore, Brazil ranks among one of the countries in Latin America with the highest increase in the number of suicides. Objective: The goal of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of GAD and suicide risk and their association in medical students from Belém - PA. Methods: The observational, cross-sectional and quantitative study included undergraduate medical students attending the 1st, 3rd and 5th years of Universidade do Estado do Pará as subjects of this research, totaling 153 students. It used a protocol created by the authors and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. The software BioEstat® 5.3 was used to perform the statistical analysis. Results: 52 (32,7%) of the 159 students have GAD and 48 (30,2%) pose a suicide risk, of which 18 have a mild risk (11,3%), 17 a moderate risk (10,7%) and 13 a high risk (8,2%). 46,7% and 50% of the 1st and 3rd-year students, respectively, have higher risk of suicide, which could be related to the competition faced during the University admission process and also during the first years of the clinical cycle. Of the 5th year students who pose a suicide risk, only 21,7% have high risk. Conclusion: It can be observed that GAD and suicide risk show high prevalence among medical students, which has to be investigated and treated aiming to reduce the impacts of those disorders on health professionals and students.

Resumo: Introdução: O transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) é uma patologia comum da modernidade. Além disso, o Brasil figura entre um dos países da América Latina com o maior aumento do número de suicídios. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de TAG e risco de suicídio e a associação entre eles em estudantes de Medicina de Belém, no Pará. Métodos: O estudo observacional, transversal e quantitativo teve como sujeitos da pesquisa graduandos do curso de Medicina que estavam matriculados no primeiro, terceiro e quinto anos na Universidade do Estado do Pará, totalizando 159. Utilizaram-se questionário de autoria dos pesquisadores e o Mini International Neurophsychiatric Interview, sendo a análise estatística feita com o software BioEstat® 5.3. Resultados: Dos 159 estudantes, 52 (32,7%) apresentaram TAG; e 48 (30,2%), risco de suicídio, dos quais 18 tiveram risco leve (11,3%); 17, risco moderado (10,7%); e 13, risco elevado (8,2%). Dos alunos, 46,7% e 50%, respectivamente do primeiro e terceiro anos, apresentaram risco elevado de suicídio, fato que pode estar associado com a pressão do vestibular e do início do ciclo clínico. Dos alunos do quinto ano com risco de suicídio, somente 21,7% apresentaram risco elevado. Conclusão: Percebe-se uma importante taxa de TAG e de risco de suicídio entre os estudantes de Medicina, o que precisa ser investigado e trabalhado para minimizar os impactos desses transtornos nos discentes.

Internet addiction in students from an educational institution in Southern Brazil: prevalence and associated factors

Abstract Objective To evaluate the prevalence of Internet addiction (IA) and its associated factors among students at an Educational Institution in Southern Brazil. Method This is a cross-sectional study, targeting a sample of students aged from 14 to 20 years. They were selected by random sampling to be representative of the 4038 students enrolled at the institute at the time. IA was assessed using the Internet Addiction Test (IAT). Screening for anxiety and/or depressive disorders was performed using the Well-Being Index (WHO-5). Results The prevalence of IA was 50.8% and the rate was higher among individuals who had screened positive for depressive or anxiety disorders than among those who had not (p = 0.003). There was an association between IA and access to certain types of content, such as gaming (p = 0.010), work and study related content (p = 0.030), and using the internet to access sexual content (p < 0.001). Conclusion Further studies are needed to confirm the high prevalence of IA and explore factors associated with it in samples with similar characteristics to ours. The associations between this dependency and positive screening for anxiety and/or depressive disorders and the types of content accessed are an alert to the existence of these important relationships and illustrate the importance of studying them further. Knowledge about these associations provides an opportunity to implement measures for prevention, such as psychoeducation, and to offer adequate treatment.

Generalized anxiety disorder in type 2 diabetes mellitus: prevalence and clinical characteristics

Objective: This study investigated the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in Taiwanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: This retrospective observational study was conducted with a random sample of patients from the entire population of National Health Insurance enrollees during 2000-2010 and used ICD-9-CM diagnostic codes to identify T2DM patients and GAD. The prevalence of GAD was compared between T2DM patients and the general population. Results: Between 2000 and 2010, the prevalence of GAD was significantly greater in the T2DM patients than the general population, while the increase of GAD was higher in the general population (from 0.25 to 0.63%) than among T2DM patients (from 0.81 to 1.03%). In T2DM patients, GAD was associated with female gender, a Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 1, diabetes mellitus duration > 9 years, and the following comorbidities: congestive heart failure, peripheral vascular disease, and depressive disorder. The prevalence of GAD among T2DM patients was negatively associated with rapid-acting insulin injection therapy and with the use of metformin and sulfonylureas. Conclusion: Since the prevalence of GAD was greater among T2DM patients than the general population, public health initiatives are needed to prevent and treat GAD in T2DM patients, specifically those with the above mentioned risk factors.

Prevalence and correlates of generalized anxiety disorder among elderly people in primary health care / Prevalência e correlatos do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada em idosos atendidos em atenção primária

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and its associations with sociodemographic and health factors. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with a population-based sample of 578 individuals aged 60 years or older from the Family Health Strategy (FHS) program of Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. Home visit screening and general data collection were made by trained Community Health Workers (CHWs). Diagnoses of psychiatric disorders were made by board-certified psychiatrists using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus (MINIplus) in the Hospital São Lucas of the Pontifical University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). RESULTS: GAD was found in 9% of the sample (n = 52; CI 95% = 6.9-11.6). The main results of the multivariate analysis show associations between GAD and retirement (PR: 0.43, CI: 0.25-0.76), history of falls (PR: 2.52, CI: 1.42-4.49), cohabitation with four or more people (PR: 1.80, CI: 1.04-3.13), having more than one hospitalization in the last year (PR: 2.53, CI: 1.17-5.48) and self-perception of health as regular (PR: 2.75, CI: 1.02-7.47). Retirement in the elderly shows 2.32x less risk of GAD, although confounding factors may have overestimated this finding and underestimated the association with female gender (PR: 1.61, CI: 0.83-3.10). CONCLUSIONS: We estimate a high prevalence of GAD in this population. Associations were found between GAD and health self-perceived as regular, cohabitation with four or more people, history of falls and more than one hospitalization in the last year. These epidemiological data from the Family Health Strategy are important to develop further strategies for this age group that could improve the health care practice.

OBJETIVO: Examinar a prevalência do transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (TAG) em idosos e suas associações com fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal, composto por uma amostra de base populacional de 578 indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais, participantes do programa Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Agentes de saúde treinados realizaram coleta de dados dos indivíduos durante as visitas domiciliares. A avaliação diagnóstica psiquiátrica foi realizada por psiquiatras, no Hospital São Lucas da Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), por meio da aplicação do Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview plus (MINIplus). RESULTADOS: O TAG foi encontrado em 9% (n = 52; IC 95% = 6,9-11,6) da amostra. Os principais resultados da análise multivariada evidenciaram associações entre TAG e aposentadoria (RP: 0,43; IC: 0,25-0,76), história de quedas (RP: 2,52; IC: 1,42-4,49), coabitação com quatro ou mais pessoas (RP: 1,80; IC: 1,04-3,13), ter mais de uma hospitalização no último ano (RP: 2,53, IC: 1,17-5,48) e autopercepção de saúde avaliada como regular (RP: 2,75, IC: 1,02-7,47). Idosos aposentados apresentaram risco 2,32 menor de TAG, embora fatores confundidores possam ter superestimado esse achado e subestimado a associação com gênero feminino (RP: 1,61; IC: 0,83-3,10). CONCLUSÕES: Estimou-se uma alta prevalência de TAG nessa população de idosos. Foram encontradas associações de TAG com autopercepção de saúde regular, coabitação com quatro ou mais pessoas, mais de uma hospitalização no último ano e história de quedas. Esses dados oriundos da Estratégia Saúde da Família são importantes para o desenvolvimento de estratégias adicionais que possam melhorar a prática de assistência à saúde na população idosa.

Assessment of sleep quality of patients with panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder during remission: a case-control study

Abstract Background Sleep disorders are common in psychiatric diseases. Panic disorder (PD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) are two major anxiety disorders that are associated with sleep disorders. Objective We hypothesized that poor sleep quality continues in PD and GAD during remission. Therefore, in this study we aimed to compare the sleep quality of patients with PD and GAD to that of healthy controls. Methods The study included patients with PD (n = 42) and GAD (n = 40) who had been in remission for at least 3 months and healthy control volunteers (n = 45). The patients were administered the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results The total PSQI scores of the GAD group were significantly increased in comparison to those of the PD (p = 0.009) and control (p < 0.001) groups. The rate of poor sleep quality in GAD during remission (77.5%) was greater than that of the PD (47.6%) and control (51.1%) groups (p = 0.011). Discussion GAD is a chronic and recurrent disease. In this study, it was found that the deterioration in sleep quality of patients with GAD may continue during remission. In the follow-up and treatment of patients, it is appropriate to question about sleep symptoms and to plan interventions according to these symptoms.

Rosacea associated with increased risk of generalized anxiety disorder: a case-control study of prevalence and risk of anxiety in patients with rosacea

Abstract Background: Rosacea may result in emotional distress and anxiety. However, data on the presence of generalized anxiety disorder in rosacea patients are scarce. Objective: The aim of the study was to detect the frequency and level of anxiety and depression in patients with rosacea. Methods: A total of 194 consecutive rosacea patients and 194 age- and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Severity of rosacea was assessed in patients according to the criteria of the National Rosacea Society Ethics Committee. Both patients and controls were evaluated by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, and severity was measured by the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-Adult. Results: Individuals who were diagnosed with an anxiety and/or depressive disorder were more common in patient group (24.7% vs. 7.2%, p < 0,01). Female patients were particularly at risk for having generalized anxiety disorder (OR = 2.8; 95% CI 1.15-7.37; p = 0.02). Study limitations: Single center study and limited sample size. Conclusions: Rosacea patients show greater risk of having anxiety disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder. Female patients, those with lower educational levels, those with phymatous subtype, untreated patients, and patients with prior psychiatric morbidity may be at particular risk for anxiety. It is essential to consider the psychological characteristics of patients to improve their well-being.

Female crack cocaine users under treatment at therapeutic communities in southern Brazil: characteristics, pattern of consumption, and psychiatric comorbidities / Mulheres usuárias de crack-cocaína em tratamento em comunidades terapêuticas no sul do Brasil: características, padrão de consumo e comorbidades psiquiátricas

Abstract Objective To explore and describe sociodemographic characteristics, crack consumption patterns, and psychiatric comorbidities of female crack users receiving treatment at therapeutic communities. Methods This was a cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative study. Forty-six women who abstained from crack use were assessed using a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), and a profile of crack use questionnaire. Descriptive statistical analyses were conducted. Results Participants had a mean age of 31.02 years (standard deviation [SD] = 7.73), most were single (76.1%), white (67.4%) and had complete or incomplete elementary education (43.5%). Before treatment, 65.2% of the women reported using crack every day; 46.3% smoked between 10 to 30 crack rocks per week. Mean treatment time was 63.56 days (SD = 75.85), with a mean of 80.41 days of abstinence (SD = 74.52) and 3.37 previous treatments (SD = 5.49). Mean age upon crack use initiation was 22.61 years (SD = 8.06), and the most frequent motivation to start using crack was curiosity (78.3%). The mean lifetime duration of crack use was 82.26 months (SD = 74.76), and the physical complications most frequently reported were weight loss (93.5%), followed by sleep problems (87%). In this study, the most prevalent psychiatric diagnoses were major depressive episode (60.87%), followed by post-traumatic stress disorder (52.17%) and generalized anxiety disorder (13.07%). Conclusions Overall, a pattern of high consumption of crack was observed. The results show a high frequency of mood and anxiety disorders, with the highest frequencies found for major depressive episode and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Resumo Objetivo Explorar e descrever características sociodemográficas, padrão de consumo e comorbidades psiquiátricas em mulheres usuárias de crack recebendo tratamento em comunidades terapêuticas. Método Estudo transversal, descritivo e quantitativo. Quarenta e seis mulheres abstinentes de crack responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico, ao Mini-Exame do Estado Mental (MEEM), à Entrevista Estruturada do DSM-IV para Transtornos do Eixo I (SCID-I) e a um questionário sobre padrão de consumo de crack. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas descritivas dos dados. Resultados As participantes tinham média de 31,02 anos [desvio padrão (DP) = 7,73], eram na maioria solteiras (76,1%), brancas (67,4%) e tinham ensino fundamental completo ou incompleto (43,5%). Antes do tratamento, 65,2% das mulheres relataram usar crack todos os dias; 46,3% fumavam entre 10 e 30 pedras de crack por semana. O tempo médio de tratamento foi de 63,56 dias (DP = 75,85), com média de 80,41 dias em abstinência (DP = 74,52) e 3,37 (DP = 5,49) tratamentos anteriores. A idade média de início do uso de crack foi de 22,61 anos (DP = 8,06), e a motivação mais frequente para iniciar o uso de crack foi a curiosidade (78,3%). A duração média de uso de crack na vida foi de 82,26 meses (DP = 74,76), e as complicações físicas mais frequentemente relatadas foram perda de peso (93,5%), seguida por problemas de sono (87%). Neste estudo, os diagnósticos mais prevalentes foram episódio depressivo maior (60,87%), seguido por transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (52,17%) e transtorno de ansiedade generalizada (13,07%). Conclusões Em geral, observamos um padrão de alto consumo de crack. Os resultados mostram alta frequência de transtornos de humor e ansiedade, com maiores frequências para episódio depressivo maior e transtorno de estresse pós-traumático.

Salud mental infantil: una prioridad a considerar / Children's mental health: a priority to consider

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar posibles cambios en la frecuencia de manifestaciones sindromáticas sugerentes de problemas de salud mental en población infantil mexicana empleando el Cuestionario Breve de Tamizaje y Diagnóstico (CBTD), a lo largo de 15 años. Material y métodos: Se analiza información de diferentes estudios en población general, escuelas y práctica médica. La estimación obtenida en la Ciudad de México fue utilizada como población de referencia para comparación. Resultados: Se apreciaron incrementos notables respecto a la prevalencia de síndromes como el déficit de atención e hiperactividad, y conducta oposicionista y explosiva, así como manifestaciones de ansiedad y depresivas. Estas últimas resultaron más frecuentes en la edad escolar tardía. Las alteraciones en el lenguaje y la epilepsia también mostraron incremento en diferentes grupos de edad. Conclusiones: Se discuten los hallazgos a la luz de estudios longitudinales en la literatura, así como de reportes de población adolescente en nuestro país.

Abstract: Objective: To identify possible changes in the frequency of psychopathological syndromes in Mexican children population over a 15-year period using the Brief Screening and Diagnostic Questionnaire (CBTD in Spanish). Materials and methods: Information gathered from different studies on the general population, schools and medical general practice are analyzed. Results from the Mexico City study were used as base rates for comparisons. Results: Higher prevalence of externalizing syndromes such as attention deficit and hyperactivity, oppositional and explosive conduct were very evident. Also, anxiety and depressive syndromes showed a notable increase. Prevalence of abnormal language and probable epilepsy were also increased on different age-groups. Conclusions: Findings are discussed in light of longitudinal reports in the literature as well as on reports in adolescent population in Mexico.

The association between personal history and the outcomes of transobturator sling surgery

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aims to verify the association between risk factors for the onset of SUI and transobturator suburethral sling surgical treatment outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted with 57 patients operated by the Pelvic Floor Surgery Service. Demographic data were compiled from the sample, the body mass index (BMI) was calculated, and the patients were divided according to the response to the surgical treatment. RESULTS: A total of 77.2% of the sample was cured or improved after surgical treatment. Out of the total sample, 75.4% of the women were postmenopausal, and 73.7% denied current or past smoking. The median age was 61 years, the median number of births was 4.0, the median BMI was 28.6 kg/m2, and 50.9% of the sample was classified as pre-obese. BMI, menopausal status, age, smoking, and sexual activity were not factors associated with the surgical outcome. However, parity equal to or greater than 5 was associated with worse postoperative results (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: among risk factors associated with the emergence of SUI, only parity greater than 4 showed a negative impact on transobturator sling surgery outcomes.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: O estudo pretende verificar a associação entre fatores de risco relacionados ao surgimento da IUE com resultado do tratamento cirúrgico com sling suburetral transobturador. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo com 57 pacientes operadas pelo serviço de Cirurgia do Assoalho Pélvico da FMJ. Foram compilados dados demográficos da amostra, calculado o índice de massa corpórea (IMC) e as pacientes foram divididas de acordo com a resposta ao tratamento cirúrgico. RESULTADOS: 77,2% da amostra apresentou-se curada ou melhorada após o tratamento cirúrgico, 75,4% das mulheres se encontravam na pós-menopausa e 73,7% negaram tabagismo atual ou passado. A mediana de idade foi de 61 anos, a mediana do número de partos foi de 4,0 e a mediana do IMC foi de 28,6 kg/m2; 50,9% da amostra foi classificada como pré-obesa. O IMC, o status menopausal, a idade, o tabagismo e a manutenção da atividade sexual não foram fatores associados ao resultado cirúrgico. Porém, a paridade igual ou superior a 5 associou-se a piores resultados pós-operatórios (p=0,004). CONCLUSÕES: Entre os fatores de risco associados ao surgimento da IUE, apenas a paridade maior que 4 influenciou negativamente as taxas de melhora após cirurgia de sling transobturador.

Prevalence of depression and anxiety and their association with cardiovascular risk factors in Northeast Brasil primary care patients

SUMMARY BACKGROUND: Depression and anxiety disorders (DAD) are the most prevalent mental health conditions worldwide. Among the adult population served in basic care, it is estimated that depression affects about 14.3% of these individuals worldwide, and between 21.4% and 31% in Brasil. Anxiety affects up to 33.7% of the population during their lifetimes. OBJECTIVES: estimate the prevalence proportions of DAD among patients in a municipality in Northeast Brasil and study the association between DAD and cardiovascular risk factors. METHODS: a cross-sectional study with the medical records of patients from primary care centers in Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco. Patients aged ≥ 18 years and regularly followed-up were included. Exclusion criteria: a history of traumatic brain injury, alcohol or drug abuse, previous stroke, medical conditions or medications that mimic DAD symptoms. Subjects were divided into two groups depending on the presence or absence of DAD, and cardiovascular risk factors were compared between groups. RESULTS: A total of 1030 subjects were initially included, of whom 215 (20%) were excluded. No-DAD subjects had more history of myocardial infarction and alcoholism. The prevalence of depression was 10.3%, anxiety disorder was 27.1%, and mixed DAD represented 4.5%. There was a significant association between DAD and hypertension (OR = 2.11; 95%CI: 1.16 -3.84; p=0.01), obesity (OR = 4.47; 95%CI: 1.74 -11.46; p=0.002), and hyperlipidemia (OR = 3.88; 95%CI: 1.81-8.3; p<0.001). CONCLUSION: DAD were associated with an increased risk for arterial hypertension, obesity, and hyperlipidemia.

RESUMO INTRODUÇÃO: Transtornos de ansiedade e depressão (TAD) são os distúrbios psiquiátricos mais comuns no mundo. Dentre a população adulta atendida na atenção básica, estima-se que a depressão afete cerca de 14,3% desses indivíduos mundialmente, podendo este valor ir de 21,4% a 31% no Brasil. A ansiedade afeta até 33,7% da população durante sua vida. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de TAD em pacientes da atenção primária em um município do Nordeste brasileiro e associar sua ocorrência com fatores de risco cardiovasculares. MÉTODOS: Um estudo de coorte transversal com análise de prontuário de pacientes atendidos em unidades de saúde da família de Jaboatão dos Guararapes, Pernambuco. Foram incluídos pacientes ≥18 anos e acompanhados regularmente. Critérios de exclusão: história de trauma crânio encefálico, abuso de álcool e drogas, acidente vascular cerebral prévio, doenças ou medicações que mimetizem sintomas de TAD. Os indivíduos foram divididos em dois grupos, a depender da presença ou não de TAD, e os fatores de risco cardiovascular foram comparados entre os grupos. RESULTADOS: De um total de 1.030 indivíduos recrutados, 215 (20%) foram excluídos. O grupo não TAD apresentou mais história de infarto do miocárdio e etilismo. A prevalência de depressão foi de 10,3%, a de ansiedade foi de 27,1% e a associação entre os dois foi de 4,5%. Houve associação significativa entre TAD e hipertensão (OR = 2,11; IC95: 1,16-3,84; p=0,01), obesidade (OR = 4,47; IC95%: 1,74-11,46; p=0,002) e dislipidemia (OR = 3,88; IC95%: 1,81-8,3; p<0,001). CONCLUSÃO: TAD estão associados com maior risco de hipertensão arterial, obesidade e dislipidemia.

Description of suicide ideation among older adults and a psychological profile: a cross-sectional study in Turkey / Descrição da ideação suicida em idosos e perfil psicológico: um estudo transversal na Turquia

Abstract This study investigates the suicidal ideation and the possible causes for suicidal behaviour in the elderly. Subjects were 150 patients aged 65 and older who were evaluated using the sociodemographic data collection forms, Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), Suicidal Ideation Scale (SIS), Reasons for Living Inventory (RLI), and Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS). Of 150 patients, 72.7% were women and 27.3% were men, ages ranged from 65 to 88 years. Suicidal ideation was noted in 30.7% of patients. When the mean of BHS total score between patients with and without suicidal ideation and the mean of BHS subscale's feelings and expectations regarding the future and loss of motivation and hope in terms of subscales were evaluated between the groups with and without suicidal ideation, the scores had a significant difference. When RLI was evaluated in terms of total scores, the suicidal ideation mean score was 243.74 ± 32.28, while the non-suicidal ideation mean score was 267.27 ± 24.36. There was a significant relationship between the two groups. We found low level of education, low level of reasons for living and higher psychiatric morbidity (generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid depressive disorder) in with suicidal ideation in the elderly.

Resumo Este estudo tem por objetivo investigar os fatores que levam à ideação suicida e às possíveis causas para o comportamento suicida em idosos. Foram estudados 150 pacientes com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos, que foram avaliados utilizando os formulários de coleta de dados sociodemográficos, Escala de Depressão Geriátrica (EDG), Escala de Ideação Suicida (EIS), Inventário de Razões para Viver (IRV) e Escala de Desesperança de Beck (EDB). De 150 pacientes, 72,7% eram mulheres e 27,3% homens , com idades de 65 a 88 anos. A ideação suicida foi observada em 30,7% dos pacientes . Ao se avaliar a média da pontuação total de EBD entre pacientes com e sem ideação suicida e a média dos sentimentos e expectativas da subescala EBD em relação ao futuro e perda de motivação e esperança em termos de subescalas entre os grupos com e sem ideação suicida, a pontuação teve uma diferença significativa. Quando o IRV foi avaliado em termos de pontuações totais, o escore médio de ideação suicida foi de 243,74 ± 32,28, enquanto o escore médio de ideação não suicida foi de 267,27 ± 24,36. Houve uma relação significativa entre os dois grupos. Fatores de risco para ideação suicida em idosos foram desesperança, baixo nível de educação, baixo nível de razões para viver, distúrbio de ansiedade generalizada e transtorno depressivo comórbido.

Comparison of anxiety and child-care education characteristics of mothers who have children with or without speech delays / Comparação da ansiedade e características da educação infantil em mães com filhos com ou sem atrasos na fala

Abstract Introduction: Speech delay in a child could be the cause and/or result of the emotional disorder. The child rearing attitude that the parents have accepted could have both positive and negative effects on the personality of the child. Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the sociodemographic features and the mothers' anxiety of children with speech delay. Methods: One hundred five mothers with children aged between 3 and 6 years with speech delays were included in the patient group, and 105 mothers who have children aged between 3 and 6 years with normal speech and language development were included in the control group. An information form questionnaire including demographic characteristics, the Family Life and Childrearing Attitude Scale (PARI - Parental Attitude Research Instrument) and Beck anxiety scale were requested from all mothers in the patient and the control groups. Results: In the current study, there was a significant difference between the groups in terms of gender (p = 0.001). According to Parental Attitude Research Instrument, the mean of mothers of the children with speech delays was higher than the mean of mothers of normal children in terms of the answers to overprotective mother aspect (p < 0.01). The mothers of children with speech delays had more overprotective motherhood attitudes; however, the difference in terms of the answers to the aspects of democratic attitude and provision of equality, refusal to be a housewife, husband-wife conflict, and suppression and discipline were not statistically significant. The Beck anxiety scale, a significant difference was detected between the two groups (p < 0.01). It was found that the mothers of children with speech delays had more severe levels of anxiety. Conclusion: The social structure of the family, the attitudes and the behaviors of the mother, and the anxiety levels of the mothers have important effects on child development. Thus, it is necessary to perform further studies related to speech delays, in which many factors play a role in the etiology.

Resumo Introdução: O atraso da fala em uma criança pode ser a causa e/ou o resultado de distúrbio emocional. As atitudes tomadas pelos pais na educação da criança podem ter efeitos positivos e negativos sobre a personalidade infantil. Objetivo: Investigar as características sociodemográficas e a ansiedade das mães de crianças com atraso na fala. Método: Foram incluídas no grupo de pacientes 105 mães com crianças entre 3 e 6 anos de idade e atrasos na fala e no grupo controle 105 mães com crianças na mesma faixa etária e desenvolvimento normal da fala e da linguagem. Foi solicitado às mães de ambos os grupos o preenchimento de informações em um formulário, incluindo características demográficas, o instrumento Family Life and Child Rearing Attitude Scale (PARI - Parental Attitude Research Instrument) e o inventário de ansiedade Beck. Resultados: No estudo atual, houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação ao gênero (p = 0,001). De acordo com o instrumento Parental Attitude Research Instrument, a média das mães das crianças com atrasos na fala foi maior do que a média das mães de crianças normais em relação às respostas sobre superproteção materna (p < 0,01). As mães de crianças com atrasos na fala apresentaram mais atitudes de proteção materna excessiva; no entanto, a diferença das respostas sobre atitudes democráticas e igualitarismo, recusa do papel de dona de casa, conflito marital e disciplina rígida não foram estatisticamente significantes. No inventário de ansiedade de Beck foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre os dois grupos (p < 0,01). Verificou-se que as mães de crianças com atrasos na fala apresentavam níveis mais graves de ansiedade. Conclusão: A estrutura social da família, as atitudes, o comportamento e os níveis de ansiedade das mães têm efeitos importantes no desenvolvimento da criança. Conclui-se, portanto, a necessidade de realizar estudos adicionais relacionados aos atrasos na fala, nos quais diversos fatores desempenham um papel etiológico.